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nootropic

• Abhayā - अभया - Haraḍa - Terminalia chebula - Chebulic Myrobalan - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - large intestine, stomach, lungs, liver - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A foundational rejuvenative fruit that regulates bowel movements, scrapes internal toxins, and restores balance to all bodily tissues.
• Abhīru - अभीरु - Śatāvarī - Asparagus racemosus - Wild Asparagus - rasa, rakta, mamsa, majja, shukra, artava - female reproductive organs, stomach, lungs, kidneys - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A deeply nourishing root that cools inflammation, promotes lactation, and rejuvenates the female reproductive system.
• Ādhakī - आढकी - Arahar - Cajanus cajan - Pigeon Pea - rasa, rakta, mamsa - stomach, small intestine, liver - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - An astringent pulse used in dietary therapy to absorb excess moisture, manage blood sugar, and pacify pitta heat.
• Agastya - अगस्त्य - Agastya - Sesbania grandiflora - Hummingbird Tree - rasa, rakta, majja - lungs, brain, eyes - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A medicinal tree whose leaves and flowers clear respiratory congestion, relieve intermittent fever, and support ocular health.
• Agnimantha - अग्निमन्थ - Araṇī - Clerodendrum phlomidis - Wind Killer - rasa, mamsa, meda, asthi - large intestine, stomach, kidneys - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A warming root component of Dashamula that reduces joint inflammation, kindles metabolic fire, and relieves edema.
• Ahiphena - अहिफेन - Afīma - Papaver somniferum - Opium Poppy - rasa, mamsa, majja - brain, large intestine, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A potent sedative latex used strictly in purified clinical preparations to arrest severe diarrhea and alleviate acute pain.
• Ajamodā - अजमोदा - Ajamoda - Apium graveolens - Celery Seed - rasa, rakta, majja - stomach, small intestine, kidneys, bladder - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic carminative seed that relieves abdominal spasms, clears urinary stagnation, and stimulates digestion.
• Ajagandhā - अजगन्धा - Hulahula - Cleome gynandra - Spider Flower - rasa, rakta, mamsa - stomach, small intestine, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent herb utilized to expel intestinal parasites, alleviate earache, and stimulate sluggish gastrointestinal motility.
• Ākārakarabha - आकारकरभ - Akarkara - Anacyclus pyrethrum - Pellitory Root - rasa, majja, shukra - brain, male reproductive organs, mouth - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A stimulating nerve tonic root that enhances neurological transmission, clears speech impediments, and boosts vitality.
• Akṣoṭa - अक्षोट - Akharoṭa - Juglans regia - English Walnut - mamsa, meda, majja, shukra - brain, heart, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, increases kapha - A rich nutritive kernel that strengthens cerebral tissues, lubricates dry bowels, and builds physical endurance.
• Alambuṣā - अलम्बुषा - Lajjālu - Biophytum sensitivum - Little Tree Plant - rasa, rakta, meda - kidneys, bladder, liver - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling astringent herb employed to manage urinary calculi, reduce joint swelling, and balance metabolic heat.
• Āmalakī - आमलकी - Āṃvalā - Phyllanthus emblica - Indian Gooseberry - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra, artava - stomach, liver, heart, lungs, kidneys - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A supreme antioxidant fruit that rejuvenates all seven bodily tissues, supports immunity, and pacifies pitta without aggravating vata.
• Āmra - आम्र - Āma - Mangifera indica - Mango - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - stomach, large intestine, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A versatile botanical whose unripe fruit, ripe pulp, and astringent bark tone mucous membranes and halt bleeding.
• Āmragandhī Haridrā - आम्रगन्धी हरिद्रा - Āmā Haldī - Curcuma amada - Mango Ginger - rasa, rakta, mamsa - stomach, liver, skin - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling aromatic rhizome that relieves skin itching, reduces traumatic inflammation, and stimulates appetite.
• Āmrātaka - आम्रातक - Ambaḍā - Spondias pinnata - Hog Plum - rasa, rakta, mamsa - stomach, heart, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, increases kapha - A sour fruit and bark preparation used to relieve burning sensations, soothe dysentery, and nourish depleted tissues.
• Anantamūla - अनन्तमूल - Sārivā - Hemidesmus indicus - Indian Sarsaparilla - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - skin, kidneys, liver, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A sweet cooling root that purifies the blood, clears inflammatory skin eruptions, and supports healthy gestation.
• Aṅkoṭa - अङ्कोट - Ḍherā - Alangium salviifolium - Sage-leaved Alangium - rasa, rakta, majja - stomach, liver, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A potent emetic and purgative root bark used to neutralize systemic toxins and treat parasitic infections.
• Apāmārga - अपामार्ग - Ciraciṭā - Achyranthes aspera - Prickly Chaff Flower - rasa, rakta, meda, asthi - kidneys, bladder, large intestine, brain - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A sharp penetrating herb used to dissolve renal stones, scrape excess fat, and clear obstructed channels.
• Aparājitā - अपराजिता - Koyala - Clitoria ternatea - Butterfly Pea - rasa, rakta, majja - brain, lungs, kidneys - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A nootropic climbing vine that enhances cognitive clarity, calms nervous agitation, and clears respiratory mucus.
• Āragvadha - आरग्वध - Amalatāsa - Cassia fistula - Purging Cassia - rasa, rakta, mamsa - large intestine, liver, skin - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A mild, safe purgative fruit pulp that gently clears constipation, reduces fever, and detoxifies the hepatic system.
• Aralu - अरलु - Soṇāpāṭhā - Ailanthus excelsa - Tree of Heaven - rasa, rakta, mamsa - large intestine, lungs, liver - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter astringent bark utilized to control acute diarrhea, reduce malarial fever, and clear bronchial spasms.
• Arjuna - अर्जुन - Arjuna - Terminalia arjuna - Arjun Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa, asthi - heart, lungs, liver - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - The premier cardioprotective bark that strengthens myocardial contractility, heals bone fractures, and regulates blood pressure.
• Arka - अर्क - Āka - Calotropis gigantea - Gigantic Swallow Wort - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda - skin, stomach, lungs, spleen - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A fiery latex-bearing shrub used externally to resolve stubborn skin lesions, hemorrhoids, and joint swelling.
• Aśmantaka - अश्मन्तक - Kacanāra - Bauhinia racemosa - Bidi Leaf Tree - rasa, rakta, meda - kidneys, bladder, large intestine - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - An astringent leaf and bark remedy used to dissolve urinary calculi and check excessive menstrual bleeding.
• Asana - असन - Vijayasāra - Pterocarpus marsupium - Indian Kino Tree - rasa, rakta, meda, majja - pancreas, liver, skin, kidneys - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A prized heartwood extract that regenerates pancreatic beta cells, regulates glucose metabolism, and purifies blood.
• Aśoka - अशोक - Aśoka - Saraca asoca - Ashoka Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa, artava - female reproductive organs, heart, large intestine - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - The foremost uterine tonic bark that tones the endometrium, alleviates dysmenorrhea, and arrests excessive menorrhagia.
• Asthisaṃhāra - अस्थिसंहार - Haḍajoḍa - Cissus quadrangularis - Veldt Grape - rasa, rakta, mamsa, asthi - bones, stomach, large intestine - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A succulent stem famed for accelerating osteoblast proliferation, uniting broken bones, and repairing ligaments.
• Aśvagandhā - अश्वगन्धा - Asagandha - Withania somnifera - Winter Cherry - rasa, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - brain, male reproductive organs, lungs, muscles - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A premier adaptogenic root that restores neuromuscular strength, mitigates stress hormones, and promotes deep restorative sleep.
• Aśvagolā - अश्वगोला - Īsabagola - Plantago ovata - Psyllium Husk - rasa, rakta - large intestine, stomach, bladder - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A mucilaginous seed husk that lubricates the colon, absorbs gastrointestinal toxins, and relieves chronic constipation.
• Aśvattha - अश्वत्थ - Pīpala - Ficus religiosa - Sacred Fig - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - female reproductive organs, skin, lungs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling astringent bark that promotes rapid wound granulation, supports fertility, and calms respiratory spasms.
• Atasī - अतसी - Alasī - Linum usitatissimum - Flaxseed - rasa, mamsa, meda, asthi - lungs, large intestine, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, increases kapha - An unctuous seed rich in omega-3 lipids that softens dry mucous membranes and soothes bronchial irritation.
• Atibalā - अतिबला - Kaṅghī - Abutilon indicum - Country Mallow - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - bladder, kidneys, male reproductive organs, lungs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A demulcent restorative herb that relieves urinary burning, builds muscular stamina, and pacifies vata.
• Ativiṣā - अतिविषा - Atīsa - Aconitum heterophyllum - Indian Atees - rasa, rakta, meda - stomach, small intestine, liver - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A non-toxic bitter tuber prized in pediatric medicine for digesting ama, halting diarrhea, and clearing fever.
• Ātmaguptā - आत्मगुप्ता - Kauñca - Mucuna pruriens - Velvet Bean - rasa, mamsa, majja, shukra, artava - brain, male reproductive organs, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, increases pitta, increases kapha - A potent neuro-restorative seed containing natural L-dopa that enhances dopaminergic function and reproductive fertility.
• Avalguja - अवल्गुज - Bākucī - Cullen corylifolium - Babchi - rasa, rakta, mamsa - skin, liver, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A photosensitizing seed that stimulates melanocyte activity to repigment vitiligo patches and clear psoriasis.
• Babbūla - बब्बूल - Babūla - Acacia nilotica - Gum Arabic Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa, asthi - mouth, large intestine, female reproductive organs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A strongly astringent bark and gum resin that tightens periodontal tissues and arrests hemorrhagic discharges.
• Badara - बदर - Bera - Ziziphus mauritiana - Indian Jujube - rasa, mamsa, majja - stomach, heart, brain - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet nourishing fruit that calms central nervous system excitability, relieves thirst, and strengthens cardiac tone.
• Bākuci - बाकुची - Bāvacī - Psoralea corylifolia - Psoralea Seed - rasa, rakta, mamsa - skin, liver, large intestine - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent heating seed that purifies deep dermal layers, destroys parasites, and restores natural skin pigment.
• Balā - बला - Khireṭī - Sida cordifolia - Heart-leaf Sida - rasa, rakta, mamsa, majja, shukra - heart, brain, muscles, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A premier nutritive tonic that strengthens cardiac muscle, relieves neuropathy, and builds ojas.
• Bhallātaka - भल्लातक - Bhilāvā - Semecarpus anacardium - Marking Nut - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - liver, spleen, brain, large intestine - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A fiercely heating nut that, following rigorous detoxification, penetrates deep tissues to resolve tumors and arthritis.
• Bhārgī - भार्गी - Bhāraṅgī - Clerodendrum serratum - Blue Glory - rasa, rakta, mamsa - lungs, stomach, liver - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter pungent root that dilates constricted bronchioles, clears thick phlegm, and alleviates allergic asthma.
• Bhūmyāmalakī - भूम्यामलकी - Bhūmi Āṃvalā - Phyllanthus niruri - Stonebreaker - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, gall bladder, kidneys, spleen - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A premier hepatoprotective herb that clears viral hepatitis, dissolves gallstones, and protects renal parenchyma.
• Bhūrja - भूर्ज - Bhojapatra - Betula utilis - Himalayan Birch - rasa, rakta, meda - ears, skin, liver - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - An antiseptic bark utilized in traditional otology to heal ear infections and balance pitta blood disorders.
• Bhūstṛṇa - भूस्तृण - Gandhatṛṇa - Cymbopogon citratus - Lemongrass - rasa, rakta, majja - stomach, lungs, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic diaphoretic grass that induces perspiration to break acute fevers and relieves gastrointestinal cramping.
• Bibhītaka - बिभीतक - Baheḍā - Terminalia bellirica - Belleric Myrobalan - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda - lungs, throat, eyes, large intestine - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - An astringent fruit in Triphala with a unique affinity for kapha, clearing bronchial congestion and enhancing vision.
• Bījaka - बीजक - Vijayasāra - Pterocarpus marsupium - Malabar Kino - rasa, rakta, meda - pancreas, kidneys, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - An astringent wood extract clinically used to modulate insulin sensitivity and manage chronic hyperglycemia.
• Bilva - बिल्व - Bela - Aegle marmelos - Bael Fruit - rasa, rakta, mamsa - large intestine, small intestine, stomach, heart - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A vital gastrointestinal herb whose unripe fruit heals ulcerative colitis and restores normal peristalsis.
• Bimbī - बिम्बी - Kundarū - Coccinia grandis - Ivy Gourd - rasa, rakta, meda - pancreas, liver, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling vine used to regulate blood sugar, soothe burning sensations, and treat jaundice.
• Bola - बोल - Hirābola - Commiphora myrrha - Myrrh - rasa, rakta, mamsa, artava - female reproductive organs, mouth, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic gum resin that clears stagnant blood, promotes menstruation, and heals oral ulcers.
• Brāhmī - ब्राह्मी - Jalabrāhmī - Bacopa monnieri - Water Hyssop - rasa, rakta, majja, shukra - brain, heart, kidneys - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A premier neuro-regenerative herb that enhances synaptic transmission, improves memory consolidation, and calms anxiety.
• Bṛhatī - बृहती - Baḍī Kaṭerī - Solanum indicum - Indian Nightshade - rasa, rakta, mamsa - lungs, heart, stomach - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A heating root component of Dashamula that relieves dyspnea, stimulates digestion, and clears cardiac edema.
• Cakramarda - चक्रमर्द - Panavāḍa - Cassia tora - Sickle Senna - rasa, rakta, meda - skin, liver, large intestine - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent seed remedy famed for eradicating fungal dermatophytes, clearing ringworm, and relieving constipation.
• Campaka - चम्पक - Campā - Magnolia champaca - Golden Champa - rasa, rakta, majja - heart, brain, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A fragrant flower used to cool pitta headaches, alleviate vertigo, and soothe inflammatory dermatitis.
• Caṇaka - चणक - Canā - Cicer arietinum - Chickpea - rasa, rakta, mamsa - stomach, small intestine, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A nutritive legume utilized to absorb excess gastric acid, build muscular tissue, and cleanse skin.
• Candana - चन्दन - Safeda Candana - Santalum album - White Sandalwood - rasa, rakta, majja, shukra - brain, skin, heart, bladder - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A deeply cooling aromatic heartwood that pacifies burning fevers, calms neurological agitation, and soothes cystitis.
• Cāṅgerī - चाङ्गेरी - Tinapatiyā - Oxalis corniculata - Creeping Wood Sorrel - rasa, rakta, mamsa - large intestine, stomach, liver - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A sour culinary and medicinal herb that treats rectal prolapse, relieves hemorrhoids, and stimulates digestion.
• Cavya - चव्य - Cavya - Piper retrofractum - Java Long Pepper - rasa, rakta, meda - stomach, small intestine, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent warming stem that ignites weak digestive fire, relieves colic, and clears respiratory mucus.
• Chinnaruhā - छिन्नरुहा - Giloya - Tinospora cordifolia - Heart-leaved Moonseed - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - liver, spleen, stomach, heart - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A vital immunomodulator that enhances macrophage activity, clears chronic fevers, and protects hepatic cells.
• Citraka - चित्रक - Cītā - Plumbago zeylanica - Leadwort - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda - stomach, small intestine, liver, spleen - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - One of the strongest digestive stimulants in Ayurveda, incinerating deep-seated ama and boosting basal metabolism.
• Coraka - चोरक - Coraka - Angelica glauca - Smooth Angelica - rasa, rakta, majja - brain, lungs, stomach - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic Himalayan root used to treat epilepsy, relieve bronchitis, and dispel abdominal distension.
• Dāḍima - दाडिम - Anāra - Punica granatum - Pomegranate - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - heart, stomach, small intestine, large intestine - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A tridoshic fruit and rind that enriches hemoglobin, strengthens cardiac tissue, and arrests diarrhea.
• Damanaka - दमनक - Daunā - Artemisia vulgaris - Mugwort - rasa, rakta, majja, artava - female reproductive organs, brain, stomach - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter aromatic herb that regulates menstrual cycles, expels intestinal worms, and calms nervous spasms.
• Dantī - दन्ती - Dantī - Baliospermum montanum - Red Physic Nut - rasa, rakta, meda - large intestine, liver, spleen - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A drastic purgative root used to evacuate stubborn fecal impactions, reduce ascites, and relieve jaundice.
• Darbha - दर्भ - Kuśa - Imperata cylindrica - Cogon Grass - rasa, rakta - kidneys, bladder, female reproductive organs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling diuretic grass root that flushes urinary gravel, relieves dysuria, and arrests uterine bleeding.
• Dāruharidrā - दारुहरिद्रा - Dāruhaldī - Berberis aristata - Indian Barberry - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, gall bladder, eyes, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A berberine-rich stem that decongests the biliary tract, heals conjunctivitis, and clears chronic skin infections.
• Devadāru - देवदारु - Devadāra - Cedrus deodara - Himalayan Cedar - rasa, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja - lungs, kidneys, skin, muscles - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic heartwood that relaxes skeletal muscle spasms, clears bronchial kapha, and relieves arthritis.
• Dhanvayāsa - धन्वयास - Dhamāsā - Fagonia cretica - Virgin's Mantle - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, brain, skin - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter cooling herb used to prevent thrombosis, cool pitta fevers, and alleviate vertigo.
• Dhānyaka - धान्यक - Dhaniyā - Coriandrum sativum - Coriander - rasa, rakta, mamsa - kidneys, bladder, stomach, small intestine - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A gentle carminative and diuretic seed that cools urinary inflammation and kindles digestion without aggravating pitta.
• Dhātakī - धातकी - Dhāya - Woodfordia fruticosa - Fire Flame Bush - rasa, rakta, mamsa - large intestine, female reproductive organs, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - An astringent flower essential for natural fermentation in Ayurvedic wines that also heals peptic ulcers.
• Drākṣā - द्राक्षा - Munaqqā - Vitis vinifera - Raisin - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - lungs, heart, large intestine, liver - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet nutritive fruit that relieves constipation, nourishes pulmonary tissues, and restores depleted blood.
• Droṇapuṣpī - द्रोणपुष्पी - Gūmā - Leucas cephalotes - Spiderwort - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, spleen, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent herb used to treat obstructive jaundice, clear sinus congestion, and resolve malarial fevers.
• Dugdhikā - दुग्धिका - Dūdhī - Euphorbia hirta - Asthma Weed - rasa, rakta, mamsa - lungs, large intestine, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A milky herb that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, stops amoebic dysentery, and increases breast milk.
• Dūrvā - दूर्वा - Dūba - Cynodon dactylon - Bermuda Grass - rasa, rakta, majja - brain, skin, female reproductive organs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling hemostatic grass juice used to arrest epistaxis, soothe urticaria, and stabilize pregnancy.
• Elā - एला - Chotī Ilāyacī - Elettaria cardamomum - Green Cardamom - rasa, rakta, majja - stomach, lungs, heart, brain - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A fragrant aromatic pod that neutralizes caffeine acidity, relieves nausea, and clears kapha from the stomach.
• Eraṇḍa - एरण्ड - Araṇḍī - Ricinus communis - Castor Oil Plant - rasa, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja - large intestine, small intestine, liver, muscles - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - The supreme anti-vata root and seed oil that purges toxins, relieves sciatica, and lubricates stiff joints.
• Gambhārī - गम्भारी - Gambhāra - Gmelina arborea - White Teak - rasa, rakta, mamsa, majja - heart, brain, lungs, large intestine - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet nutritive root component of Dashamula that strengthens cardiac tissues, relieves thirst, and promotes lactation.
• Gandhaprasāriṇī - गन्धप्रसारिणी - Gandhaprasāriṇī - Paederia foetida - Skunk Vine - rasa, mamsa, asthi, majja - large intestine, muscles, bones - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A foul-smelling climbing vine renowned for restoring mobility in rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and hemiplegia.
• Gāṅgerukī - गाङ्गेरुकी - Nāgabalā - Grewia hirsuta - Hairy Grewia - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - heart, lungs, muscles - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A restorative root used to heal pulmonary tuberculosis, strengthen myocardial tissue, and enhance physical stamina.
• Gokṣura - गोक्षुर - Gokharū - Tribulus terrestris - Puncture Vine - rasa, rakta, meda, majja, shukra, artava - kidneys, bladder, male reproductive organs, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A tridoshic spiky fruit that rejuvenates the genitourinary tract, dissolves renal calculi, and supports testosterone balance.
• Gojihvā - गोजिह्वा - Gāozabāna - Onosma bracteatum - Sedge - rasa, rakta, majja - heart, lungs, brain - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling demulcent herb used to relieve palpitations, soothe bronchial inflammation, and calm mental restlessness.
• Guḍūcī - गुडूची - Giloya - Tinospora cordifolia - Guduchi - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - liver, spleen, stomach, heart - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - Known as divine nectar, this adaptogenic vine modulates immune response, clears uric acid, and repairs liver damage.
• Guggulu - गुग्गुलु - Gūgala - Commiphora mukul - Indian Bdellium - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - heart, liver, kidneys, bones - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A potent oleo-gum resin that lowers cholesterol, scrapes atherosclerotic plaques, and heals chronic joint inflammation.
• Guñjā - गुञ्जा - Rattī - Abrus precatorius - Jequirity Bean - rasa, rakta, majja, shukra - skin, brain, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A toxic seed that, after strict Ayurvedic purification, stimulates hair follicles in alopecia and relieves sciatic pain.
• Haṃsapadī - हंसपदी - Haṃsarāja - Adiantum lunulatum - Walking Maidenhair Fern - rasa, rakta, mamsa - lungs, skin, bladder - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling fern utilized to clear respiratory congestion, heal erysipelas, and relieve painful urination.
• Haridrā - हरिद्रा - Haldī - Curcuma longa - Turmeric - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra, artava - liver, heart, lungs, skin, pancreas - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A golden anti-inflammatory rhizome that purifies the blood, modulates blood glucose, and accelerates tissue healing.
• Harītakī - हरीतकी - Haraḍa - Terminalia chebula - Chebulic Myrobalan - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - large intestine, stomach, liver, brain - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - Revered as the king of medicines, this fruit scrapes toxins, sharpens sensory acuity, and restores normal colon motility.
• Hiṅgu - हिङ्गु - Hīṅga - Ferula assa-foetida - Asafoetida - rasa, rakta, mamsa, majja - stomach, small intestine, large intestine, brain - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent resin that rapidly dispels trapped intestinal gas, relieves spasmodic colic, and clears neurological blockages.
• Hiṅgupatrī - हिङ्गुपत्री - Nāḍīhiṅgu - Gardenia gummifera - Cambi Resin - rasa, rakta, meda - stomach, small intestine, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter aromatic gum resin used to eradicate intestinal parasites, relieve indigestion, and heal septic wounds.
• Ikṣu - इक्षु - Gannā - Saccharum officinarum - Sugarcane - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - kidneys, bladder, liver, stomach - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A cooling nutritive grass juice that promotes diuresis, clears jaundice, and replenishes depleted bodily fluids.
• Ikṣuraka - इक्षुरक - Tālamakhānā - Asteracantha longifolia - Marsh Barbel - rasa, rakta, shukra, artava - kidneys, bladder, male reproductive organs, liver - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A nutritive seed and root that increases sperm count, relieves ascites, and clears urinary obstructions.
• Indravāruṇī - इन्द्रवारुणी - Indrāyaṇa - Citrullus colocynthis - Bitter Apple - rasa, rakta, meda - large intestine, liver, spleen - increases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A fiercely bitter hydragogue cathartic fruit used to purge excess fluid in ascites and relieve severe constipation.
• Indrayava - इन्द्रयव - Indrajau - Holarrhena pubescens - Kurchi Seeds - rasa, rakta, mamsa - small intestine, large intestine, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter astringent seed that eradicates amoebic and bacterial pathogens in acute dysentery and gastroenteritis.
• Iṅgudī - इङ्गुदी - Hiṅgoṭa - Balanites aegyptiaca - Desert Date - rasa, rakta, meda - skin, lungs, liver - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter fruit pulp and seed oil used to resolve lymphatic swellings, treat skin diseases, and expel worms.
• Jambū - जम्बू - Jāmuna - Syzygium cumini - Black Plum - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda - pancreas, kidneys, large intestine, mouth - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - An astringent seed and bark that regulates blood glucose levels, reduces polyuria, and heals bleeding gums.
• Jaṭāmāṃsī - जटामांसी - Bālachaḍa - Nardostachys jatamansi - Spikenard - rasa, rakta, majja - brain, heart, skin - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A deeply grounding aromatic rhizome that stabilizes cardiac arrhythmias, relieves insomnia, and calms neurological hyperactivity.
• Jātī - जाती - Camelī - Jasminum grandiflorum - Spanish Jasmine - rasa, rakta, majja, shukra - mouth, skin, eyes, brain - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling fragrant flower and leaf used in medicated oils to heal chronic wounds, stomatitis, and ocular inflammation.
• Jātīphala - जातीफल - Jāyaphala - Myristica fragrans - Nutmeg - rasa, mamsa, majja, shukra - brain, large intestine, stomach, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A warming aromatic seed that calms central nervous system agitation, stops chronic diarrhea, and prevents premature ejaculation.
• Jīvaka - जीवक - Jīvaka - Crepidium acuminatum - Jivaka Orchid - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - lungs, heart, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A rare Ashtavarga restorative pseudobulb that rebuilds wasted muscles, cools internal fever, and boosts vitality.
• Jīvantī - जीवन्ती - Ḍoḍī - Leptadenia reticulata - Jivanti - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - eyes, lungs, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A premier revitalizing vine famed for restoring ocular health, enhancing lactation, and building ojas.
• Jīraka - जीरक - Jīrā - Cuminum cyminum - Cumin - rasa, rakta, mamsa, artava - stomach, small intestine, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A foundational culinary seed that enkindles digestive enzymes, relieves bloating, and cleanses the postpartum uterus.
• Jyotiṣmatī - ज्योतिष्मती - Mālakāṅganī - Celastrus paniculatus - Intellect Tree - rasa, rakta, majja - brain, nervous system, muscles - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A fiery nootropic seed oil that sharpens memory, stimulates cognitive processing, and relieves paralysis.
• Kacūra - कचूर - Kacūra - Curcuma zedoaria - White Turmeric - rasa, rakta, mamsa - lungs, stomach, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent aromatic rhizome that clears bronchial congestion, relieves halitosis, and reduces glandular swellings.
• Kadamba - कदम्ब - Kadama - Neolamarckia cadamba - Burflower Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa - large intestine, skin, kidneys - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling astringent bark used to arrest diarrhea, cleanse infected wounds, and alleviate burning dysuria.
• Kadalī - कदली - Kelā - Musa paradisiaca - Plantain - rasa, rakta, mamsa - stomach, kidneys, bladder - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A cooling starchy fruit and rhizome juice that heals peptic ulcers, dissolves renal stones, and stops bleeding.
• Kākamācī - काकमाची - Makoya - Solanum nigrum - Black Nightshade - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda - liver, spleen, heart, skin - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A tridoshic hepatoprotective berry and leaf that resolves cirrhosis, reduces splenomegaly, and clears inflammatory skin disorders.
• Kākanāsā - काकनासा - Kauāṭhoṭhī - Martynia annua - Tiger's Claw - rasa, rakta, majja - brain, lungs, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent botanical utilized to treat epilepsy, clear tuberculosis lesions, and resolve chronic eczema.
• Kākolī - काकोली - Kākolī - Roscoea purpurea - Purple Roscoea - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - lungs, heart, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet cooling tuber of the Ashtavarga group that pacifies internal heat, builds muscle, and enhances virility.
• Kālamūlī - कालमूली - Kālī Mūsalī - Curculigo orchioides - Golden Eye-grass - rasa, mamsa, majja, shukra, artava - male reproductive organs, female reproductive organs, kidneys - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A potent aphrodisiac rhizome that treats erectile dysfunction, enhances spermatogenesis, and relieves lumbar pain.
• Kālamegha - कालमेघ - Kālamegha - Andrographis paniculata - King of Bitters - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, gall bladder, stomach, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - An intensely bitter hepatoprotective herb that stimulates bile flow, clears viral fevers, and purifies the blood.
• Kamala - कमल - Kamala - Nelumbo nucifera - Sacred Lotus - rasa, rakta, mamsa, majja, shukra - heart, brain, female reproductive organs, large intestine - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling astringent aquatic plant whose flowers and seeds calm cardiac palpitations, stop hemorrhage, and focus the mind.
• Kampillaka - कम्पिल्लक - Kamīlā - Mallotus philippensis - Monkey Face Tree - rasa, rakta, meda - small intestine, large intestine, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bright red glandular fruit powder renowned for expelling tapeworms and healing fungal skin infections.
• Kāñcanāra - काञ्चनार - Kacanāra - Bauhinia variegata - Mountain Ebony - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda - thyroid, lymphatic system, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - The premier lymphatic decongestant bark used to shrink thyroid nodules, goiters, cysts, and swollen lymph nodes.
• Kaṅkola - कङ्कोल - Śītalacīnī - Piper cubeba - Cubeb Pepper - rasa, rakta, majja - kidneys, bladder, lungs, mouth - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic berry with antiseptic urinary affinity that clears urethritis, freshens breath, and relieves bronchitis.
• Kaṇṭakārī - कण्टकारी - Choṭī Kaṭerī - Solanum virginianum - Yellow-berried Nightshade - rasa, rakta, mamsa - lungs, throat, heart - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A prickly expectorant herb of Dashamula that liquefies tenacious bronchial mucus and relieves asthmatic wheezing.
• Kapikacchū - कपिकच्छू - Kevāñca - Mucuna pruriens - Cowhage - rasa, mamsa, majja, shukra, artava - brain, male reproductive organs, muscles - decreases vata, increases pitta, increases kapha - A nutritive seed rich in L-dopa that manages Parkinsonian tremors, increases libido, and strengthens nervous tissues.
• Kāravellaka - कारवेल्लक - Karelā - Momordica charantia - Bitter Melon - rasa, rakta, meda - pancreas, liver, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter vegetable and medicinal vine that mimics insulin, lowers blood glucose, and clears hepatic heat.
• Karañja - करञ्ज - Karañja - Pongamia pinnata - Indian Beech - rasa, rakta, meda - skin, large intestine, liver - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter antimicrobial seed oil and bark used to eradicate scabies, heal eczema, and clear hemorrhoids.
• Karavīra - करवीर - Kanera - Nerium oleander - Indian Oleander - rasa, rakta, mamsa - heart, skin, eyes - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A cardiotoxic shrub utilized strictly in purified external formulations to resolve chronic dermatoses and non-healing ulcers.
• Karkaṭaśṛṅgī - कर्कटशृङ्गी - Kākaḍāsiṅgī - Pistacia integerrima - Zebrawood Gall - rasa, rakta - lungs, stomach, large intestine - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An astringent leaf gall prized in pediatric respiratory care for halting persistent cough, wheezing, and hiccups.
• Karpūra - कर्पूर - Kapūra - Cinnamomum camphora - Camphor - rasa, rakta, majja - lungs, heart, brain, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A volatile crystalline terpene that opens sinus passages, stimulates cardiac circulation, and relieves topical pruritus.
• Kāsamarda - कासमर्द - Kasaundī - Senna occidentalis - Coffee Senna - rasa, rakta, meda - lungs, liver, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter expectorant plant that clears bronchial spasms, supports hepatic detoxification, and relieves allergic rashes.
• Kaśeru - कशेरु - Kaserū - Actinoscirpus grossus - Water Chestnut Tuber - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - stomach, female reproductive organs, liver - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A cooling starchy aquatic tuber that relieves burning gastritis, stabilizes pregnancy, and promotes lactation.
• Kaṭphala - कट्फल - Kāyaphala - Myrica esculenta - Box Myrtle - rasa, rakta, majja - lungs, throat, brain - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An astringent warming bark used as a snuff to clear sinusitis and as a decoction for asthma.
• Kaṭukā - कटुका - Kuṭakī - Picrorhiza kurroa - Hellebore - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, gall bladder, spleen, stomach - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A premier cholagogue root that stimulates bile secretion, regenerates hepatocytes, and clears stubborn pitta fevers.
• Kembuka - केम्बुक - Keū - Costus speciosus - Crepe Ginger - rasa, rakta, meda - skin, liver, kidneys - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter rhizome rich in diosgenin used to clear skin eruptions, reduce fever, and expel parasites.
• Keśarāja - केशराज - Bhaṅgarā - Eclipta prostrata - False Daisy - rasa, rakta, asthi, majja - liver, brain, skin, eyes - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - The premier herb for hair follicle rejuvenation that also protects the liver and sharpens visual acuity.
• Ketakī - केतकी - Kevaḍā - Pandanus odorifer - Screw Pine - rasa, rakta, majja - brain, skin, heart - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A fragrant cooling flower and root used to relieve migraines, soothe skin burns, and calm emotional distress.
• Khadira - खदिर - Katthā - Acacia catechu - Black Catechu - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda - skin, mouth, large intestine - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - The foremost dermatological astringent heartwood that purifies blood, heals eczema, and tightens bleeding gums.
• Kharjūra - खर्जूर - Khajūra - Phoenix dactylifera - Date Palm - rasa, rakta, mamsa, majja, shukra - lungs, heart, muscles - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet nutritive fruit that replenishes glycogen stores, calms alcoholic intoxication, and strengthens pulmonary tissues.
• Kirātatikta - किराततिक्त - Cirāyatā - Swertia chirayita - Chiretta - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, stomach, skin, spleen - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A profoundly bitter Himalayan herb that eradicates malarial fevers, purifies blood, and stimulates hepatic enzymes.
• Kokilākṣa - कोकिलाक्ष - Tālamakhānā - Hygrophila auriculata - Kokilaksha - rasa, rakta, shukra, artava - kidneys, bladder, liver, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A diuretic and aphrodisiac herb that clears hepatic ascites, dissolves urinary stones, and enhances sperm motility.
• Kośātakī - कोशातकी - Kāḍavī Toraī - Luffa acutangula - Ribbed Gourd - rasa, rakta, meda - stomach, liver, lungs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter fruit and seed utilized to induce therapeutic emesis, clear jaundice, and expel bronchial mucus.
• Kṛṣṇajīraka - कृष्णजीरक - Śāhī Jīrā - Carum carvi - Caraway - rasa, rakta, artava - stomach, small intestine, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A warming carminative seed that relieves flatulence, cleanses the uterus, and stimulates appetite.
• Kṛṣṇatulasī - कृष्णतुलसी - Kālī Tulasī - Ocimum tenuiflorum - Purple Holy Basil - rasa, rakta, majja - lungs, heart, brain, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A potent adaptogenic and antimicrobial herb that clears respiratory congestion, lowers cortisol, and relieves fevers.
• Kṣīrakākolī - क्षीरकाकोली - Kṣīrakākolī - Fritillaria roylei - Himalayan Fritillary - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - lungs, heart, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet cooling bulb of Ashtavarga that arrests hemoptysis, nourishes wasted tissues, and enhances vitality.
• Kuberākṣī - कुबेराक्षी - Kaṇṭakarañja - Caesalpinia bonduc - Fever Nut - rasa, rakta, meda - spleen, liver, stomach, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter antiperiodic seed kernel that resolves splenomegaly, clears intermittent fevers, and regulates ovulation.
• Kulattha - कुलत्थ - Kulahī - Macrotyloma uniflorum - Horse Gram - rasa, rakta, meda, asthi - kidneys, bladder, lungs, gall bladder - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A heating, penetrating pulse renowned for shattering renal and biliary calculi while scraping excess adipose tissue.
• Kumārī - कुमारी - Ghṛtakumārī - Aloe barbadensis - Aloe Vera - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra, artava - liver, female reproductive organs, skin, large intestine - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling, rejuvenating succulent gel that regulates menstruation, heals gastric ulcers, and regenerates epidermal tissues.
• Kuṅkuma - कुङ्कुम - Kesara - Crocus sativus - Saffron - rasa, rakta, mamsa, majja, shukra, artava - heart, brain, female reproductive organs, skin - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A precious tridoshic stigma that revitalizes blood circulation, elevates mood, and enhances reproductive fertility.
• Kuruṇṭaka - कुरुण्टक - Pīlā Bāsā - Barleria prionitis - Porcupine Flower - rasa, rakta, asthi - mouth, skin, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter leaf and root herb used to relieve toothache, strengthen gums, and heal dermatological lesions.
• Kuśa - कुश - Kuśa - Desmostachya bipinnata - Sacrificial Grass - rasa, rakta - kidneys, bladder, female reproductive organs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling diuretic root that alleviates dysuria, cools menorrhagia, and soothes systemic pitta heat.
• Kuṣmāṇḍa - कूष्माण्ड - Peṭhā - Benincasa hispida - Winter Melon - rasa, rakta, mamsa, majja, shukra - brain, heart, stomach, bladder - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A cooling nootropic gourd that calms manic agitation, heals peptic ulcers, and nourishes cerebral tissues.
• Kuṣṭha - कुष्ठ - Kūṭha - Saussurea costus - Costus Root - rasa, rakta, mamsa, majja, shukra - lungs, skin, brain, stomach - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic Himalayan root that relieves bronchial asthma, clears dermatoses, and pacifies neurological pain.
• Kuṭaja - कुटज - Kuraī - Holarrhena antidysenterica - Kurchi Bark - rasa, rakta, mamsa - small intestine, large intestine, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - The premier anti-dysenteric bark that destroys amoebic pathogens, tightens intestinal mucosa, and stops bleeding hemorrhoids.
• Lajjālu - लज्जालु - Chuīmuī - Mimosa pudica - Sensitive Plant - rasa, rakta, mamsa - large intestine, female reproductive organs, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling astringent herb that arrests hemorrhoidal and uterine bleeding while accelerating wound closure.
• Lākṣā - लाक्षा - Lākha - Kerria lacca - Lac Resin - rasa, rakta, mamsa, asthi - bones, lungs, skin - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A biological resin secreted by scale insects that accelerates bone fracture union and arrests pulmonary hemorrhage.
• Lāṅgalī - लाङ्गली - Kalihārī - Gloriosa superba - Glory Lily - rasa, rakta, mamsa, artava - female reproductive organs, skin, large intestine - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A toxic colchicine-bearing tuber used strictly after purification to stimulate uterine contractions and treat gout.
• Latākarañja - लताकरञ्ज - Kaṇṭakarañja - Caesalpinia crista - Bonduc Nut - rasa, rakta, meda - spleen, liver, stomach - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter climbing shrub whose seeds reduce splenic enlargement, clear malarial fevers, and relieve colic.
• Lavaṅga - लवङ्ग - Lauṅga - Syzygium aromaticum - Clove - rasa, rakta, mamsa, majja, shukra - stomach, lungs, mouth, kidneys - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic analgesic flower bud that numbs dental pain, relieves nausea, and clears bronchial kapha.
• Lodhra - लोध्र - Lodha - Symplocos racemosa - Lodh Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa, artava - female reproductive organs, eyes, skin, large intestine - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling astringent bark that firms relaxed uterine tissues, arrests menorrhagia, and relieves ocular inflammation.
• Madanaphala - मदनफल - Mainaphala - Catunaregam spinosa - Emetic Nut - rasa, rakta, meda - stomach, lungs, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - The safest and foremost emetic fruit in Pañcakarma, expelling excess kapha and toxins from the upper gastrointestinal tract.
• Madhuka - मधुक - Mahuā - Madhuca longifolia - Butter Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - lungs, heart, skin - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - Sweet nutritive flowers and seed oil that replenish depleted bodily tissues, soothe bronchitis, and relieve vata dryness.
• Madhuyaṣṭī - मधुयष्टी - Muleṭhī - Glycyrrhiza glabra - Licorice - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - stomach, lungs, brain, adrenal glands - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet demulcent root that heals gastric ulcers, soothes bronchial mucosa, and supports adrenal hormone balance.
• Mahābalā - महाबला - Sahadevī - Sida rhombifolia - Arrowleaf Sida - rasa, rakta, mamsa, majja, shukra - muscles, nervous system, kidneys - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A strengthening root herb that restores neuromuscular tone in paralysis, relieves sciatica, and builds stamina.
• Mahāmedā - महामेदा - Mahāmedā - Polygonatum cirrhifolium - Tendril-leaf Solomon's Seal - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, shukra - lungs, heart, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet cooling rhizome of Ashtavarga that arrests hemoptysis, builds muscle mass, and enhances fertility.
• Mañjiṣṭhā - मञ्जिष्ठा - Majīṭha - Rubia cordifolia - Indian Madder - rasa, rakta, mamsa, artava - liver, spleen, skin, kidneys, female reproductive organs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - The premier blood purifier and lymphatic mover that clears stubborn skin diseases, dissolves clots, and regulates menstruation.
• Marica - मरिच - Kālī Mirca - Piper nigrum - Black Pepper - rasa, rakta, meda, majja - stomach, small intestine, lungs, liver - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent bioavailability enhancer that kindles cellular metabolism, clears sinus congestion, and scrapes adipose toxins.
• Māṣa - माष - Uḍada - Vigna mungo - Black Gram - rasa, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - muscles, bones, male reproductive organs, large intestine - decreases vata, increases pitta, increases kapha - The most anabolic legume in Ayurveda, rapidly building skeletal muscle, lubricating joints, and enhancing spermatogenesis.
• Māṣaparṇī - माषपर्णी - Banauḍada - Teramnus labialis - Blue Wiss - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - muscles, heart, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet nutritive leguminous vine that halts bleeding, repairs wasted tissues, and boosts reproductive vitality.
• Mātuluṅga - मातुलुङ्ग - Bījaurā Nīṃbū - Citrus medica - Citron - rasa, rakta, mamsa - stomach, heart, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic citrus fruit whose juice and peel relieve nausea, stimulate cardiac function, and clear hiccups.
• Mayūraśikhā - मयूरशिखा - Morapankhī - Actiniopteris radiata - Peacock's Tail Fern - rasa, rakta - kidneys, bladder, female reproductive organs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling astringent fern used to arrest menorrhagia, clear urinary tract infections, and soothe pitta heat.
• Medā - मेदा - Medā - Polygonatum verticillatum - Whorled Solomon's Seal - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, shukra - lungs, stomach, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A cooling Ashtavarga rhizome that promotes galactogenesis, soothes gastric burning, and rebuilds depleted tissues.
• Meṣaśṛṅgī - मेषशृङ्गी - Guḍamāra - Gymnema sylvestre - Sugar Destroyer - rasa, rakta, meda, shukra - pancreas, liver, kidneys - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter climbing leaf that suppresses sweet taste receptors, stimulates insulin release, and manages diabetes.
• Methikā - मेथिका - Methī - Trigonella foenum-graecum - Fenugreek - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja - stomach, pancreas, female reproductive organs, bones - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A warming mucilaginous seed that lowers blood sugar, relieves lumbar pain, and stimulates breast milk flow.
• Miśreyā - मिश्रेया - Sauṃpha - Foeniculum vulgare - Fennel - rasa, rakta, mamsa, artava - stomach, small intestine, kidneys, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A sweet aromatic seed that relaxes intestinal smooth muscle, relieves colic, and enhances digestion without heating pitta.
• Mudga - मुद्ग - Mūṅga - Vigna radiata - Mung Bean - rasa, rakta, mamsa - stomach, small intestine, liver, eyes - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - The lightest and most easily digested legume, ideal for convalescent nutrition, detoxification, and pitta pacification.
• Mudgaparṇī - मुद्गपर्णी - Banamūṅga - Vigna trilobata - Wild Gram - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - eyes, lungs, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A nutritive vine of the Jivaniya group that cools internal fever, sharpens vision, and strengthens tissues.
• Mūlaka - मूलक - Mūlī - Raphanus sativus - Radish - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, gall bladder, lungs, stomach - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent root vegetable that clears biliary sludge, dissolves gallstones, and liquefies bronchial kapha.
• Muṇḍī - मुण्डी - Goraḵẖamuṇḍī - Sphaeranthus indicus - East Indian Globe Thistle - rasa, rakta, majja - brain, eyes, liver, skin - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter aromatic herb that purifies the blood, relieves migraines, and enhances ocular health.
• Mūrvā - मूर्वा - Maruābela - Marsdenia tenacissima - Bowstring Hemp - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, heart, stomach, skin - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter detoxifying root that clears ama from blood vessels, resolves jaundice, and relieves urticaria.
• Muśalī - मुशली - Safeda Mūsalī - Chlorophytum borivilianum - White Musli - rasa, mamsa, meda, shukra, artava - male reproductive organs, female reproductive organs, muscles - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A premier nutritive tuber that increases sperm count, boosts testosterone, and rebuilds physical stamina.
• Mustā - मुस्ता - Nāgaramothā - Cyperus rotundus - Nut Grass - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, artava - stomach, small intestine, liver, female reproductive organs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A premier digestive and anti-inflammatory tuber that digests ama, stops diarrhea, and regulates menstrual cycles.
• Nāgabalā - नागबला - Guṅgerana - Grewia tenax - White Crossberry - rasa, rakta, mamsa, asthi, shukra - heart, lungs, bones, muscles - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A restorative root bark that heals pulmonary lesions, strengthens myocardial tissue, and unites fractures.
• Nāgadamanī - नागदमनी - Nāgadamanī - Crinum asiaticum - Poison Bulb - rasa, rakta, meda - ears, skin, liver - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter bulb utilized externally to resolve lymphatic swellings, alleviate otitis, and neutralize venoms.
• Nāgakeśara - नागकेशर - Nāgakesara - Mesua ferrea - Ironwood Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa - large intestine, female reproductive organs, lungs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - Fragrant floral stamens that constrict dilated blood vessels, arrest hemorrhoidal bleeding, and stop menorrhagia.
• Nārikela - नारिकेल - Nāriyala - Cocos nucifera - Coconut - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, shukra - stomach, kidneys, bladder, skin - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A deeply cooling fruit whose water replenishes electrolytes, soothes gastritis, and relieves urinary burning.
• Nicula - निचुल - Samudraphala - Barringtonia acutangula - Freshwater Mangrove - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, spleen, stomach - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter emetic seed and bark used to clear hepatic congestion, reduce splenomegaly, and expel toxins.
• Nīlī - नीली - Nīla - Indigofera tinctoria - True Indigo - rasa, rakta, majja - liver, spleen, brain, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter hepatoprotective leaf and root that resolves splenomegaly, treats epilepsy, and stimulates hair growth.
• Nimba - निम्ब - Nīma - Azadirachta indica - Neem - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, skin, pancreas, mouth - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - The supreme antimicrobial and blood-purifying tree that clears inflammatory dermatoses, lowers blood sugar, and kills parasites.
• Nirguṇḍī - निर्गुण्डी - Sambhālu - Vitex negundo - Five-leaved Chaste Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa, asthi, majja - muscles, bones, lungs, ears - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A premier analgesic leaf and root that relieves osteoarthritis, relaxes muscular spasms, and clears sinus congestion.
• Nyagrodha - न्यग्रोध - Baragada - Ficus benghalensis - Banyan Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - female reproductive organs, large intestine, pancreas - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling astringent bark and aerial root that arrests hemorrhage, tightens vaginal tissues, and lowers blood glucose.
• Padmaka - पद्मक - Padmākha - Prunus cerasoides - Wild Himalayan Cherry - rasa, rakta, mamsa - skin, heart, female reproductive organs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling bitter heartwood that calms pitta fevers, clears urticaria, and stabilizes pregnancy.
• Palāṇḍu - पलाण्डु - Pyāja - Allium cepa - Onion - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - heart, lungs, stomach, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, increases pitta, increases kapha - A pungent heating bulb that lowers cholesterol, liquefies bronchial mucus, and enhances virility.
• Palāśa - पलाश - Ḍhāka - Butea monosperma - Flame of the Forest - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, eyes - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A potent anthelmintic seed and astringent gum that expels intestinal roundworms, heals ulcers, and clears urinary gravel.
• Parpaṭa - पर्पट - Pittapāpaḍā - Fumaria indica - Indian Fumitory - rasa, rakta - liver, gall bladder, skin, stomach - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling bitter herb renowned for clearing acute pitta fevers, relieving jaundice, and soothing pruritus.
• Pāṣāṇabheda - पाषाणभेद - Pattharacūra - Bergenia ligulata - Winter Begonia - rasa, rakta, meda - kidneys, bladder, female reproductive organs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - Literally meaning stone-breaker, this astringent rhizome dissolves calcium oxalate renal calculi and relieves dysuria.
• Pāṭalā - पाटला - Pāḍhala - Stereospermum suaveolens - Trumpet Flower - rasa, rakta, mamsa - heart, lungs, kidneys, brain - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A tridoshic root bark of Dashamula that reduces systemic edema, relieves hiccups, and calms cardiac irritation.
• Pāṭhā - पाठा - Pāḍhā - Cissampelos pareira - Velvetleaf - rasa, rakta, mamsa, artava - kidneys, bladder, female reproductive organs, small intestine - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter detoxifying root that purifies breast milk, clears urinary infections, and relieves spasmodic colic.
• Patola - पटोल - Paravala - Trichosanthes dioica - Pointed Gourd - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, heart, skin, stomach - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A tridoshic bitter leaf and fruit that purifies the blood, protects the liver, and heals chronic skin diseases.
• Phalgu - फल्गु - Añjīra - Ficus carica - Common Fig - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - large intestine, lungs, liver - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet nutritive fruit that lubricates the colon, relieves chronic constipation, and nourishes depleted blood.
• Pippalī - पिप्पली - Pīpala - Piper longum - Long Pepper - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, majja, shukra - lungs, stomach, liver, spleen - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A premier respiratory rejuvenative fruit that clears bronchial kapha, reduces splenomegaly, and enhances nutrient absorption.
• Pīlu - पीलु - Pīlū - Salvadora persica - Toothbrush Tree - rasa, rakta, meda - mouth, kidneys, large intestine - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An antimicrobial twig and fruit that strengthens periodontal tissues, prevents dental caries, and dissolves bladder stones.
• Plakṣa - प्लक्ष - Pākara - Ficus virens - White Fig - rasa, rakta, mamsa - female reproductive organs, skin, large intestine - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling astringent bark used in therapeutic washes to heal leucorrhea, ulcers, and vaginal inflammation.
• Prapunnāḍa - प्रपुन्नाड - Cakavaḍa - Senna tora - Foetid Cassia - rasa, rakta, meda - skin, liver, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent seed and leaf used topically and internally to eradicate psoriasis, ringworm, and bronchial congestion.
• Prasāriṇī - प्रसारिणी - Gandhabhāduli - Paederia foetida - Chinese Fever Vine - rasa, mamsa, asthi, majja - muscles, bones, large intestine - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A warming climbing herb prized for relieving sciatica, cervical spondylosis, and rigid joints.
• Priyaṅgu - प्रियङ्गु - Phūlapriyaṅgu - Callicarpa macrophylla - Beautyberry - rasa, rakta, mamsa - skin, heart, large intestine, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling aromatic flower and fruit that stops internal hemorrhage, relieves vertigo, and clears hyperpigmentation.
• Priyāla - प्रियाल - Ciroñjī - Buchanania lanzan - Almondette Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, shukra - heart, brain, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet nutritive seed kernel that rebuilds wasted muscles, calms pitta heat, and enhances spermatogenesis.
• Pṛśniparṇī - पृश्निपर्णी - Piṭhavana - Uraria picta - Dabra - rasa, rakta, mamsa, asthi - heart, lungs, bones, large intestine - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A tridoshic root of Dashamula that accelerates bone fracture healing, arrests bleeding, and tones cardiac muscle.
• Pūga - पूग - Supārī - Areca catechu - Betel Nut - rasa, rakta, mamsa - mouth, stomach, large intestine - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A strongly astringent seed that tightens loose gums, expels intestinal tapeworms, and dries excess salivation.
• Punarnavā - पुनर्नवा - Gadahapūranā - Boerhavia diffusa - Hogweed - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - kidneys, heart, liver, lungs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - Literally meaning “renews the body,” this premier diuretic root flushes edema, rejuvenates nephrons, and clears ascites.
• Puṣkaramūla - पुष्करमूल - Pokharamūla - Inula racemosa - Elecampane - rasa, rakta, mamsa - lungs, heart, stomach - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent aromatic root that relieves angina pectoris, dilates bronchioles, and clears pleuritic chest pain.
• Rājikā - राजिका - Rāī - Brassica juncea - Brown Mustard - rasa, rakta, meda - stomach, lungs, skin, spleen - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A penetrating warming seed used in topical poultices to increase local blood flow and relieve musculoskeletal pain.
• Raktacandana - रक्तचन्दन - Lāla Candana - Pterocarpus santalinus - Red Sandalwood - rasa, rakta, mamsa - skin, liver, eyes, heart - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling astringent heartwood that clears inflammatory acne, relieves ocular burning, and purifies pitta-vitiated blood.
• Rāsnā - रास्ना - Rāsanā - Pluchea lanceolata - Indian Camphorweed - rasa, mamsa, asthi, majja - bones, muscles, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - The foremost anti-inflammatory leaf for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and sciatic nerve pain.
• Rasona - रसोन - Lahasuna - Allium sativum - Garlic - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - heart, lungs, large intestine, bones - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A potent rejuvenative bulb that lowers lipids, reduces hypertension, eradicates parasites, and strengthens bones.
• Ṛddhi - ऋद्धि - Ṛddhi - Habenaria intermedia - Riddhi Orchid - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - lungs, heart, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet nutritive tuber of Ashtavarga that boosts immunity, arrests bleeding, and rebuilds depleted tissues.
• Rohiṇī - रोहिणी - Kuṭakī - Picrorhiza kurroa - Picrorhiza - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, gall bladder, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter hepatic root that cleanses congested bile ducts, lowers bilirubin, and resolves autoimmune skin flare-ups.
• Rohītaka - रोहीतक - Roheḍā - Tecomella undulata - Desert Teak - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, spleen, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter astringent bark prized for shrinking splenomegaly, treating hepatitis, and resolving abdominal tumors.
• Ṛṣabhaka - ऋषभक - Ṛṣabhaka - Malaxis muscifera - Rishabhaka Orchid - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - lungs, heart, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A cooling restorative pseudobulb of Ashtavarga that relieves tuberculosis wasting and enhances spermatogenesis.
• Rudrākṣa - रुद्राक्ष - Rudrākṣa - Elaeocarpus ganitrus - Bead Tree - rasa, rakta, majja - brain, heart, lungs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - An electromagnetic seed that calms central nervous system agitation, regulates blood pressure, and relieves epilepsy.
• Saireyaka - सैरेयक - Piya Bāsā - Barleria cristata - Philippine Violet - rasa, rakta, mamsa - skin, mouth, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter warming herb that purifies the blood, relieves gingivitis, and clears chronic eczema.
• Śāka - शाक - Sāgauna - Tectona grandis - Teak Tree - rasa, rakta, meda - kidneys, bladder, female reproductive organs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - An astringent heartwood and flower used to dissolve urinary stones, arrest menorrhagia, and reduce adipose tissue.
• Śālaparṇī - शालपर्णी - Sarivana - Desmodium gangeticum - Sal-leaved Desmodium - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - heart, lungs, stomach, muscles - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A premier tridoshic root of Dashamula that tones cardiac muscle, relieves bronchitis, and prevents miscarriage.
• Śallakī - शल्लकी - Salai Gūgala - Boswellia serrata - Indian Frankincense - rasa, rakta, mamsa, asthi, majja - bones, lungs, large intestine, brain - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A potent anti-inflammatory oleo-gum resin that inhibits leukotrienes, preserves articular cartilage, and heals colitis.
• Śālmalī - शाल्मली - Semala - Bombax ceiba - Silk Cotton Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra, artava - large intestine, female reproductive organs, skin - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A cooling demulcent gum resin (Mocharasa) that heals intestinal ulcers, arrests dysentery, and stops menorrhagia.
• Śamī - शमी - Khejaḍī - Prosopis cineraria - Khejri Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa - skin, large intestine, eyes - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling astringent bark and pod used to treat hemorrhoids, soothe herpes eruptions, and relieve vertigo.
• Śaṇapuṣpī - शणपुष्पी - Jhuñjhuniyā - Crotalaria verrucosa - Blue Rattlepod - rasa, rakta, meda - skin, liver, stomach - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter blood-purifying herb used to induce therapeutic emesis and clear chronic dermatological eruptions.
• Śaṅkhapuṣpī - शङ्खपुष्पी - Śaṅkhāhulī - Convolvulus prostratus - Aloeweed - rasa, rakta, majja, shukra - brain, heart, kidneys - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - The premier medhya nootropic herb that enhances memory recall, relieves anxiety, and calms hypertension.
• Saptaparṇa - सप्तपर्ण - Chitavana - Alstonia scholaris - Devil's Tree - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, spleen, skin, lungs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter antiperiodic bark that resolves malarial fevers, shrinks splenomegaly, and purifies breast milk.
• Sarala - सरल - Cīḍa - Pinus roxburghii - Chir Pine - rasa, mamsa, meda, asthi - lungs, skin, ears, bones - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic oleoresin and heartwood that clears bronchial mucus, relieves osteoarthritis, and heals otitis.
• Sarṣapa - सर्षप - Sarasoṃ - Brassica campestris - Yellow Mustard - rasa, rakta, meda - stomach, lungs, skin, muscles - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A warming pungent seed and oil that stimulates peripheral circulation, relieves myalgia, and clears kapha.
• Śatapuṣpā - शतपुष्पा - Soyā - Anethum graveolens - Dill - rasa, rakta, artava - stomach, small intestine, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic carminative seed that relieves infantile colic, stimulates lactation, and induces delayed menstruation.
• Śatāvarī - शतावरी - Śatāvara - Asparagus racemosus - Shatavari - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra, artava - female reproductive organs, stomach, lungs, heart - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - The foremost female reproductive tonic that balances estrogen, heals gastric ulcers, and nourishes ojas.
• Śaṭī - शटी - Kacūra - Hedychium spicatum - Spiked Ginger Lily - rasa, rakta, mamsa - lungs, stomach, mouth - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic expectorant rhizome that relieves bronchial asthma, eases hiccups, and freshens breath.
• Śigru - शिग्रु - Sahajana - Moringa oleifera - Drumstick Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja - thyroid, liver, kidneys, bones - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A nutrient-dense tree whose leaves and seeds reduce glandular swelling, stimulate metabolism, and relieve arthritis.
• Śiṃśapā - शिंशपा - Śīśama - Dalbergia sissoo - Indian Rosewood - rasa, rakta, meda - skin, female reproductive organs, bladder - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter astringent heartwood used to resolve sciatica, clear leucoderma, and treat gonorrhea.
• Śirīṣa - शिरीष - Sirasa - Albizia lebbeck - Siris Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda - lungs, skin, liver, eyes - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - The premier anti-allergic and antitoxic bark that stabilizes mast cells, relieves asthma, and clears urticaria.
• Śleṣmātaka - श्लेष्मातक - Lasoḍā - Cordia dichotoma - Indian Cherry - rasa, rakta, mamsa - lungs, throat, bladder - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A mucilaginous demulcent fruit that coats irritated pharyngeal tissues, relieves dry cough, and soothes cystitis.
• Snuhī - स्नुही - Sehuṇḍa - Euphorbia neriifolia - Indian Spurge Tree - rasa, rakta, meda - large intestine, liver, spleen, skin - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A caustic purgative latex used in preparing Kṣārasūtra medicated threads to heal fistula-in-ano and hemorrhoids.
• Somavallī - सोमवल्ली - Somalatā - Sarcostemma acidum - Moon Plant - rasa, rakta, majja, shukra - lungs, brain, heart - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A rejuvenating climbing shrub that dilates bronchioles, enhances vitality, and calms nervous exhaustion.
• Śṛṅgāṭaka - शृङ्गाटक - Siṅghāḍā - Trapa natans - Water Caltrop - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - female reproductive organs, heart, stomach - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A cooling starchy aquatic nut that arrests uterine bleeding, prevents miscarriage, and replenishes glycogen.
• Sthauneyaka - स्थौणेयक - Thunera - Taxus wallichiana - Himalayan Yew - rasa, rakta, mamsa - lungs, skin, stomach - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic conifer leaf and bark utilized to relieve bronchitis, clear skin lesions, and stimulate digestion.
• Śuṇṭhī - शुण्ठी - Soṇṭha - Zingiber officinale - Dry Ginger - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - stomach, small intestine, lungs, heart - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - Known as the universal medicine, this rhizome ignites digestive fire, clears ama, and relieves osteoarthritis.
• Sūraṇa - सूरण - Jimīkanda - Amorphophallus paeoniifolius - Elephant Foot Yam - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda - large intestine, liver, spleen - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - The premier dietary and medicinal tuber for shrinking hemorrhoids, relieving constipation, and reducing splenomegaly.
• Suradāru - सुरदारु - Devadāra - Cedrus deodara - Deodar Cedar - rasa, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja - lungs, muscles, bones, kidneys - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic wood oil and decoction that relieves neuropathic pain, reduces edema, and clears kapha.
• Svarṇakṣīrī - स्वर्णक्षीरी - Satyanāśī - Argemone mexicana - Mexican Prickly Poppy - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, skin, large intestine - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter yellow-latex herb used in purified doses to clear jaundice, relieve constipation, and treat psoriasis.
• Svarṇapatrī - स्वर्णपत्री - Sanāya - Cassia angustifolia - Indian Senna - rasa, rakta - large intestine, liver - increases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A stimulant anthraquinone leaf that triggers colonic peristalsis to evacuate acute constipation and excess pitta.
• Śvetacandana - श्वेतचन्दन - Safeda Candana - Santalum album - Sandalwood - rasa, rakta, majja, shukra - brain, skin, bladder, heart - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A deeply cooling aromatic wood that pacifies burning sensations, clears cystitis, and calms mental agitation.
• Śvetajīraka - श्वेतजीरक - Safeda Jīrā - Cuminum cyminum - White Cumin - rasa, rakta, mamsa, artava - stomach, small intestine, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling-yet-digestive seed that enhances nutrient absorption, relieves flatulence, and stimulates lactation.
• Śyonāka - श्योनाक - Sonāpāṭhā - Oroxylum indicum - Broken Bones Tree - rasa, rakta, mamsa, asthi - large intestine, ears, bones, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A root bark of Dashamula that heals middle ear infections, arrests diarrhea, and reduces joint inflammation.
• Tagara - तगर - Sugandhabālā - Valeriana jatamansi - Indian Valerian - rasa, mamsa, majja - brain, muscles, large intestine - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A warming sedative root that calms central nervous system spasms, relieves insomnia, and eases migraines.
• Tāla - ताल - Tāḍa - Borassus flabellifer - Palmyra Palm - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - kidneys, bladder, liver, stomach - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A cooling nutritive sap and fruit that relieves dysuria, clears jaundice, and replenishes bodily fluids.
• Tālīsa - तालीस - Tālīsapatra - Abies webbiana - Himalayan Silver Fir - rasa, rakta, mamsa - lungs, throat, stomach - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - An aromatic needle leaf that clears bronchial congestion, relieves hoarseness, and stimulates appetite.
• Tamālapatra - तमालपत्र - Tejapāta - Cinnamomum tamala - Indian Bay Leaf - rasa, rakta, meda - stomach, pancreas, lungs, heart - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A warming aromatic leaf that enhances insulin sensitivity, dispels flatulence, and clears respiratory mucus.
• Tāmbūla - ताम्बूल - Pāna - Piper betle - Betel Leaf - rasa, rakta, majja - mouth, stomach, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent aromatic leaf that stimulates salivation, freshens breath, and clears pharyngeal kapha.
• Tāmalakī - तामलकी - Bhūmi Āṃvalā - Phyllanthus amarus - Gale of the Wind - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, gall bladder, kidneys - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter hepatoprotective herb that clears hepatitis B surface antigens, protects liver cells, and relieves jaundice.
• Taṇḍulīyaka - तण्डुलीयक - Caulāī - Amaranthus spinosus - Spiny Amaranth - rasa, rakta, mamsa - large intestine, female reproductive organs, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling leafy green that arrests hemorrhage, neutralizes toxins, and relieves burning dysuria.
• Taruṇī - तरुणी - Gulāba - Rosa centifolia - Cabbage Rose - rasa, rakta, majja, shukra - heart, brain, skin, large intestine - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling fragrant flower petal that pacifies pitta inflammation, uplifts the heart, and gently relieves constipation.
• Tejovatī - तेजोवती - Tumbarū - Zanthoxylum armatum - Winged Prickly Ash - rasa, rakta, asthi - mouth, stomach, lungs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent numbing bark and fruit that relieves toothache, strengthens gums, and stimulates sluggish digestion.
• Tila - तिल - Kālā Tila - Sesamum indicum - Sesame - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra, artava - bones, skin, large intestine, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, increases pitta, increases kapha - The premier vata-pacifying oil and seed that nourishes osteoblasts, strengthens teeth, and lubricates tissues.
• Tinduka - तिन्दुक - Tendū - Diospyros malabarica - Gaub Persimmon - rasa, rakta, mamsa - large intestine, skin, mouth - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A strongly astringent unripe fruit and bark that arrests diarrhea, heals burns, and tightens mucous membranes.
• Tiṇṭiḍīka - तिण्टिडीक - Imalī - Tamarindus indica - Tamarind - rasa, rakta, mamsa - stomach, large intestine, heart - decreases vata, increases pitta, increases kapha - A sour fruit pulp that stimulates salivation, relieves constipation, and prevents heatstroke.
• Trāyamāṇā - त्रायमाणा - Trāyamāṇā - Gentiana kurroo - Indian Gentian - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, gall bladder, heart, stomach - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter hepatic tonic that stimulates gastric secretions, clears biliary congestion, and resolves pitta fevers.
• Trapuṣa - त्रपुष - Khīrā - Cucumis sativus - Cucumber - rasa, rakta - kidneys, bladder, skin, stomach - increases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A cooling hydrating fruit and seed that flushes urinary gravel, relieves dysuria, and soothes skin inflammation.
• Trivṛt - त्रिवृत् - Nisotha - Operculina turpethum - Indian Jalap - rasa, rakta, meda - large intestine, liver, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - The safest and most effective purgative root for Virecana, evacuating excess pitta and toxins without griping.
• Tulasī - तुलसी - Tulasī - Ocimum sanctum - Holy Basil - rasa, rakta, majja - lungs, heart, brain, stomach - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A sacred adaptogenic herb that clears bronchial kapha, relieves stress, and protects respiratory immunity.
• Tumburu - तुम्बुरु - Tejabala - Zanthoxylum alatum - Toothache Tree - rasa, rakta, asthi - mouth, stomach, liver - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A warming aromatic fruit and bark that relieves dental pain, expels parasites, and ignites digestion.
• Tuvaraka - तुवरक - Cālamogarā - Hydnocarpus wightianus - Chaulmoogra - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda - skin, liver, nervous system - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A potent antimicrobial seed oil renowned in Ayurveda for treating leprosy, stubborn eczema, and psoriasis.
• Tvak - त्वक् - Dālacīnī - Cinnamomum verum - Ceylon Cinnamon - rasa, rakta, mamsa, majja, shukra - heart, lungs, stomach, kidneys - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A warming aromatic bark that stimulates peripheral circulation, regulates blood sugar, and clears bronchial kapha.
• Udumbara - उदुम्बर - Gūlara - Ficus racemosa - Cluster Fig - rasa, rakta, mamsa, asthi - female reproductive organs, large intestine, pancreas - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling astringent bark and fruit that arrests uterine hemorrhage, heals fractures, and lowers blood glucose.
• Upakuñcikā - उपकुञ्चिका - Kalauñjī - Nigella sativa - Black Seed - rasa, rakta, meda, artava - lungs, stomach, female reproductive organs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent thymoquinone-rich seed that dilates bronchioles, stimulates menstruation, and enhances immune defense.
• Uśīra - उशीर - Khasa - Chrysopogon zizanioides - Vetiver - rasa, rakta, mamsa, majja - skin, kidneys, bladder, brain - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A deeply cooling fragrant root that relieves hyperhidrosis, calms pitta headaches, and soothes urinary burning.
• Utpala - उत्पल - Nīlakamala - Nymphaea nouchali - Blue Water Lily - rasa, rakta, majja, shukra - heart, brain, skin, large intestine - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling aquatic flower that calms cardiac palpitations, relieves thirst, and arrests hemorrhagic diarrhea.
• Vacā - वचा - Baca - Acorus calamus - Sweet Flag - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, majja, shukra - brain, lungs, stomach, mouth - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A penetrating nootropic rhizome that clears speech disorders, removes sinus congestion, and awakens cerebral clarity.
• Vamśa - वंश - Bāṃsa - Bambusa arundinacea - Thorny Bamboo - rasa, rakta, asthi, shukra - lungs, bones, heart, kidneys - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - Siliceous bamboo manna (Vamshalochana) that strengthens osteoblasts, cools pulmonary inflammation, and relieves asthma.
• Vanapsā - वनप्सा - Banaphśā - Viola odorata - Sweet Violet - rasa, rakta - lungs, throat, brain - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling demulcent flower and leaf that soothes bronchitis, relieves tonsillitis, and calms pitta headaches.
• Vārāhīkanda - वाराहीकन्द - Genthī - Dioscorea bulbifera - Air Potato - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - male reproductive organs, skin, liver - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A rejuvenating tuber rich in diosgenin that builds muscle mass, enhances virility, and clears chronic skin diseases.
• Varuṇa - वरुण - Baranā - Crateva nurvala - Three-leaved Caper - rasa, rakta, meda - kidneys, bladder, prostate, liver - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - The premier urological bark that tones bladder detrusor muscle, shrinks benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prevents renal stones.
• Vāsā - वासा - Aḍūsā - Justicia adhatoda - Malabar Nut - rasa, rakta, mamsa - lungs, heart, liver - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - The foremost bronchodilator and hemostatic leaf that clears tenacious sputum, relieves asthma, and stops hemoptysis.
• Vaṭa - वट - Baragada - Ficus benghalensis - Banyan - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - female reproductive organs, large intestine, pancreas - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - An astringent cooling tree whose leaf buds and bark tighten tissues, heal ulcers, and regulate blood sugar.
• Vatsanābha - वत्सनाभ - Mīṭhā Zahara - Aconitum ferox - Indian Aconite - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - heart, brain, lungs, bones - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A lethal neurotoxic root that, after rigorous Śodhana purification, acts as a potent antipyretic and analgesic.
• Viḍaṅga - विडङ्ग - Bāyaviḍaṅga - Embelia ribes - False Black Pepper - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda - small intestine, large intestine, skin, brain - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - The premier anthelmintic berry in Ayurveda, eradicating tapeworms, roundworms, and fungal overgrowths without purging.
• Vidārī - विदारी - Vidārīkanda - Pueraria tuberosa - Indian Kudzu - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, shukra, artava - male reproductive organs, female reproductive organs, heart, lungs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet nutritive tuber that promotes galactogenesis, builds skeletal muscle, and rejuvenates reproductive tissues.
• Vikaṅkata - विकङ्कत - Kaṭāī - Flacourtia indica - Governor's Plum - rasa, rakta, meda - liver, spleen, skin - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A bitter cooling fruit and bark used to treat jaundice, shrink splenomegaly, and purify pitta-vitiated blood.
• Vīrataru - वीरतरु - Vellāntara - Dichrostachys cinerea - Sickle Bush - rasa, rakta, meda - kidneys, bladder, bones - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A diuretic root prized for relieving acute urinary retention, dissolving renal calculi, and easing lumbar pain.
• Viṣamuṣṭi - विषमुष्टि - Kucalā - Strychnos nux-vomica - Poison Nut - rasa, mamsa, majja, shukra - brain, spinal cord, stomach, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A strychnine-bearing seed that, after specialized purification, stimulates motor neurons in paralysis and erectile dysfunction.
• Vṛddhadāruka - वृद्धदारुक - Vidhārā - Argyreia nervosa - Elephant Creeper - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - brain, bones, male reproductive organs, muscles - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A premier neuro-muscular rejuvenative root that relieves rheumatoid arthritis, enhances spermatogenesis, and sharpens intellect.
• Vṛddhi - वृद्धि - Vṛddhi - Habenaria edgeworthii - Vriddhi Orchid - rasa, rakta, mamsa, shukra - lungs, heart, male reproductive organs - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A sweet nutritive tuber of Ashtavarga that accelerates convalescence, cools internal fever, and builds ojas.
• Vṛkṣāmla - वृक्षाम्ल - Kokama - Garcinia indica - Kokum - rasa, rakta, meda - heart, liver, stomach, large intestine - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A sour hydroxycitric-acid-rich fruit rind that inhibits lipogenesis, protects cardiac muscle, and relieves dysentery.
• Yaṣṭimadhu - यष्टिमधु - Muleṭhī - Glycyrrhiza glabra - Licorice Root - rasa, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra - stomach, lungs, brain, eyes - decreases vata, decreases pitta, increases kapha - A soothing demulcent root that regenerates gastric mucosa, relieves laryngitis, and nourishes neurological tissues.
• Yava - यव - Jau - Hordeum vulgare - Barley - rasa, rakta, meda - kidneys, bladder, pancreas, lungs - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A drying, diuretic cereal grain that scrapes excess adipose tissue, stabilizes blood glucose, and clears edema.
• Yavānī - यवानी - Ajavāyana - Trachyspermum ammi - Bishop's Weed - rasa, rakta, majja - stomach, small intestine, lungs, kidneys - decreases vata, increases pitta, decreases kapha - A pungent thymol-rich seed that relieves acute abdominal cramps, clears bronchial kapha, and destroys parasites.
• Yavāsa - यवास - Javāsā - Alhagi pseudalhagi - Camelthorn - rasa, rakta, meda - lungs, liver, skin, large intestine - increases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling expectorant and mild laxative herb that clears bronchial heat, relieves vertigo, and soothes hemorrhoids.
• Yūthikā - यूथिका - Jūhī - Jasminum auriculatum - Needle-flower Jasmine - rasa, rakta, majja - eyes, skin, mouth, brain - decreases vata, decreases pitta, decreases kapha - A cooling fragrant flower and leaf used in medicated ghee and oils to heal corneal ulcers and dermatitis.