https://Buddha-Wisdom.org -- Buddha Dharma

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--- kangyur [2026/11/10 17:51] – Vajra Patience
+++ kangyur [2026/11/14 20:50] (current) – Vajra Patience
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 [[कांग्युर]] - [[kāṁgyura]] - [[kāṁgyura]] - [[བཀའ་འགྱུར]] - [[bka' 'gyur]] - [[ka gyur]] - [[甘珠爾]], [[甘珠尔]] - [[gānzhū'ěr]] - [[감주르]] - [[gamjureu]] - [[甘珠ール]] - [[ganjūru]]
+The [[Kangyur]] ([[བཀའ་འགྱུར།]] [[bka' 'gyur]] [[Kangyur]], rendered in [[Sanskrit]] as [[बुद्धवचनानुवाद]] - [[Buddhavacanānuvāda]] or [[प्रवचनानुवाद]] - [[Pravacanānuvāda]], and in [[Chinese]] as [[甘珠尔]] / [[甘珠爾]] - [[Ganzhu'er]], universally revered across [[Tibet]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Mongolia]], [[Ladakh]], [[Sikkim]], [[China]], and the global [[Buddhist]] world as the first of the two monumental divisions of the [[Tibetan Tripitaka]] alongside the [[Tengyur]]), acclaimed throughout Asian [[Buddhist]] history since the [[8th century]] and [[14th century]] as the authoritative Tibetan-language treasury containing the direct spoken or inspired words ([[Buddhavacana]]) of [[Shakyamuni]] [[Buddha]] and transcendent [[Buddhas]], stands as the sacred scriptural bedrock of Himalayan [[Buddhism]]. Grounded in deep awareness of [[anicca]], [[dukkha]], and [[anatta]], fearless [[renunciation]], and unshakeable [[refuge]] in the [[Buddha]], the [[Dharma]], and the [[Sangha]], the [[Kangyur]] preserves over one thousand one hundred distinct scriptures across roughly one hundred to one hundred and eight volumes, guiding practitioners through [[ethical conduct]], [[precepts]], [[meditation]], [[mindfulness]], [[concentration]], and liberating [[wisdom]] across the [[Shravaka]], [[Bodhisattva]], and [[Tantra]] paths.
+Structurally and taxonomically, the [[Kangyur]] organizes the entirety of the [[Buddha]]'s transmitted discourses into seven or eight classical thematic sections, best exemplified by the celebrated [[Derge]] ([[Sde-dge]]) edition cataloged by [[Toh Number]]: first, the [[Vinaya Pitaka]] ([[འདུལ་བ།]] [['dul ba]] [[Dulwa]], [[Toh Number 1]]–[[Toh Number 7]]), preserving the monastic disciplinary code of the [[Mulasarvastivada]] lineage; second, the [[Prajnaparamita]] ([[ཤེས་ཕྱིན།]] [[shes phyin]] [[Sherchin]], [[Toh Number 8]]–[[Toh Number 30]]), encompassing the [[Perfection of Wisdom]] discourses from the hundred-thousand-verse scripture down to single-syllable quintessences; third, the [[Avatamsaka]] ([[ཕལ་པོ་ཆེ།]] [[phal po che]] [[Palpo Ché]], [[Toh Number 44]]), presenting the cosmic Dharma-realm vision of [[Vairocana]] [[Buddha]]; fourth, the [[Ratnakuta]] ([[དཀོན་བརྩེགས།]] [[dkon brtsegs]] [[Köntsek]], [[Toh Number 45]]–[[Toh Number 93]]), gathering forty-nine major [[Mahayana]] assemblies; fifth, the general [[Sutra]] section ([[མདོ་སྡེ།]] [[mdo sde]] [[Dodé]], [[Toh Number 94]]–[[Toh Number 359]]), spanning both [[Nikaya]] discourses and classic [[Mahayana]] sutras; sixth, the [[Parinirvana]] sutras ([[མྱང་འདས།]] [[myang 'das]] [[Nyangdé]], [[Toh Number 119]]–[[Toh Number 121]]); and seventh, the vast [[Tantra]] collection ([[རྒྱུད་འབུམ།]] [[rgyud 'bum]] [[Gyübum]], [[Toh Number 360]]–[[Toh Number 845]]), followed by the [[Dharani]] compendium ([[གཟུངས་འདུས།]] [[gzungs 'dus]] [[Zungdü]], [[Toh Number 846]]–[[Toh Number 1108]]).
+Historically, the individual scriptures that later formed the [[Kangyur]] were translated from [[Sanskrit]] and Central Asian languages into [[Tibetan]] across two heroic epochs: first, the Early Dissemination ([[Nga-dar]]) during the [[7th century]], [[8th century]], and [[9th century]] under Dharma Kings [[Songtsen Gampo]] (c. [[605]]–[[650]]), [[Trisong Detsen]] ([[742]]–c. [[797]]), and [[Ralpachen]] ([[806]]–[[836]]), when great Indian masters such as [[Shantarakshita]], [[Padmasambhava]], [[Vimalamitra]], [[Jinamitra]], [[Danasila]], and [[Surendrabodhi]] worked alongside Tibetan lotsawas including [[Vairotsana]], [[Kawa Paltsek]], [[Chokro Lüi Gyaltsen]], and [[Yeshe De]] at [[Samye Monastery]] under strict royal translation decrees; and second, the Later Dissemination ([[Chi-dar]]) from the [[10th century]] through the [[13th century]], when luminaries such as [[Rinchen Zangpo]] ([[958]]–[[1055]]), [[Atisha]] ([[982]]–[[1054]]), [[Dromtonpa]] ([[1005]]–[[1064]]), [[Marpa]] ([[1012]]–[[1097]]), [[Bari Lotsawa]] ([[1040]]–[[1112]]), and [[Sakya Pandita]] ([[1182]]–[[1251]]) translated newly imported [[Anuttarayoga Tantra]] and [[Prajnaparamita]] texts from [[Nalanda]], [[Vikramashila]], and [[Kashmir]].
+The formal compilation of these scattered translations into a unified [[Kangyur]] canon began in the early [[14th century]] at [[Narthang Monastery]] under the visionary scholar [[Chomden Rigpai Raldri]] ([[1227]]–[[1305]]) and his disciples [[Üpa Losal]] and [[Sonam Özer]], who assembled the Old [[Narthang]] manuscript [[Kangyur]] around [[1310]] using funds sent from the Yuan imperial court by the Mongol Emperor [[Buyantu Khan]], before the peerless scholar-monk [[Buton Rinchen Drup]] ([[1290]]–[[1364]]) of [[Zhalu Monastery]] meticulously edited, verified against Indian originals, and reorganized the entire collection into its definitive classical structure.
+Over subsequent centuries across [[Tibet]], [[China]], [[Mongolia]], and [[Bhutan]], the [[Kangyur]] was carved onto woodblocks and printed in multiple celebrated canonical editions—beginning with the [[Yongle]] ([[1410]]) and [[Wanli]] ([[1606]]) editions in [[Beijing]], followed by the [[Lithang]] ([[1608]]–[[1621]], sponsored by [[Chöying Dorje]], the Tenth Karmapa), the [[Kangxi]] ([[1684]]–[[1692]]), the [[Cone]] ([[1721]]–[[1731]]), the [[Narthang]] ([[1730]]–[[1732]]), the masterfully edited [[Derge]] [[Kangyur]] ([[1733]], supervised by [[Situ Panchen]], [[1700]]–[[1774]]), the [[Urga]] ([[1908]]–[[1910]]), and the [[Lhasa]] edition ([[1934]]).
+Literarily, the [[Kangyur]] safeguards some of the most sublime scriptures in world religious history—including the [[Mulasarvastivada Vinayavastu]] ([[Toh Number 1]] in the [[Tibetan Tripitaka]], corresponding to [[Taisho Number 1442]] in the [[Chinese Tripitaka]]), the [[Ashtasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra]] ([[Toh Number 12]], and [[Taisho Number 227]]), the [[Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita Sutra]] ([[Diamond Sutra]], [[Toh Number 16]], and [[Taisho Number 235]]), the [[Prajnaparamitahrdaya Sutra]] ([[Heart Sutra]], [[Toh Number 21]], and [[Taisho Number 251]]), the [[Avatamsaka Sutra]] ([[Toh Number 44]], and [[Taisho Number 279]]), the [[Lalitavistara Sutra]] ([[Toh Number 95]], and [[Taisho Number 186]]), the [[Lankavatara Sutra]] ([[Toh Number 107]], and [[Taisho Number 670]]), the [[Saddharmapundarika Sutra]] ([[Lotus Sutra]], [[Toh Number 113]], and [[Taisho Number 262]]), the [[Amitabha Sutra]] ([[Toh Number 115]], and [[Taisho Number 366]]), the [[Kalachakra Tantra]] ([[Toh Number 362]]), the [[Chakrasamvara Tantra]] ([[Toh Number 368]]), the [[Hevajra Tantra]] ([[Toh Number 417]], and [[Taisho Number 892]]), and the [[Guhyasamaja Tantra]] ([[Toh Number 442]], and [[Taisho Number 885]]).
+Philosophically and contemplatively, the [[Kangyur]] weaves together all three turnings of the wheel of the [[Dharma]] proclaimed by [[Shakyamuni]] [[Buddha]]—from the foundational truths of [[anicca]], [[dukkha]], [[anatta]], and [[dependent origination]] at [[Sarnath]], through the profound revelation of universal [[emptiness]] ([[शून्यता]] - [[śūnyatā]]; [[སྟོང་པ་ཉིད།]] [[stong pa nyid]] [[Tongpanyid]]) on [[Vulture Peak]] (aligned with [[Nagarjuna]]'s [[Madhyamaka]]), to the luminous [[Buddha-nature]] ([[tathagatagarbha]]) revelations at [[Vaishali]] (aligned with [[Asanga]]'s [[Yogacara]] and [[Maitreya]]'s [[Uttaratantra Shastra]], [[Toh Number 4024]], and [[Taisho Number 1611]]) and the transformative [[skillful means]] of [[Vajrayana]] [[Tantra]]—dissolving attachment to the [[five aggregates]], [[emptiness of self]], [[karma]], and [[rebirth]] across [[samsara]] and [[nirvana]].
+Enshrined upon monastic altars, carried in annual circumambulation processions across Himalayan villages, recited for communal [[merit]] and protection, and preserved in digital archives across [[Tibet]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Mongolia]], and the Western world into the [[21st century]], the [[Kangyur]] anchors every contemplative realization in [[Shakyamuni]] [[Buddha]]'s [[Four Noble Truths]], the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], [[generosity]], [[loving-kindness]], [[compassion]], [[equanimity]], [[right view]], [[non-attachment]], and universal [[bodhicitta]] to extinguish the [[three poisons]] across the [[six realms]] along the timeless [[Middle Way]].
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 [[Image:Buton.JPG|thumb|[[Butön Rinchen Drup]]]]